INTRODUCTION
TOXICOLOGY Question and Answer bank is aimed to make the study of toxicology simple and understandable ----------------
Exercise 1
1. Which one of the following statements regarding toxicology is true?
a. Modern toxic ology is concerned with the study of the adverse effects of chemicals on ancient forms of life.
b. Modern toxicology studies embrace principles from such disciplines as biochemistry, botany, chemistry, physiology, and physics.
c. Modern toxicology has its roots in the knowledge of plant and animal poisons, which predates recorded history and has been used to promote peace.
d. Modern toxicology studies the mechanisms by which inorganic chemicals produce advantageous as well as deleterious effects.
e. Modern toxicology is concerned with the study of chemicals in mammalian species.
2. Knowledge of the toxicology of poisonous agents was published earliest in the:
a. Ebers papyrus.
b. De Historia Plantarum.
c. De Materia Medica.
d. Lex Cornelia.
e. Treatise on Poisons and Their Antidotes.
3. Paracelsus, physician- alchemist, formulated many revolutionary reviews that remain integral to the structure of toxicology, pharmacology, and therapeutics today. He focused on the primary toxic agent as chemical entity and articulated the dose–response relation. Which one of the following statements is not attributable to Paracelsus?
a. Natural poisons are quick in their onset of actions.
b. Experimentation is essential in the examination of
responses to chemicals.
c. One should make distinction between the therapeutic and toxic properties of chemicals.
d. These properties are sometimes but not always indistinguishable except by dose.
e. One can ascertain a degree of specificity of chemicals and their therapeutic or toxic effects.
4. The art of toxicology requires years of experience to acquire, even though the knowledge base facts may be learned more quickly. Which modern toxicologist is credited with saying that “you can be toxicologist in two easy lesions, each of 10 years?”
a. Claude Bernard.
b. Rachel Carson.
c. Upton Sinclair.
d. Arnold Lehman.
e. Oswald Schmiedeberg.
5. Which of the following statements is correct?
a. Claude Bernard was a prolific scientist who trained over 120 students and published numerous contributions to the scientific literature.
b. Louis Lewin trained under Oswald Schmiedeberg
and published much of the early work on the toxicity
of narcotics, methanol, and chloroform.
c. An Introduction to the Study of Experimental Medicine was written by the Spanish physician Orfila.
d. Magendie used autopsy material and chemical analysis systematically as legal proof of poisoning.
e. Percival Potts was instrumental in demonstrating the chemical complexity of snake venoms.
Answers
1. b.
2. a.
3. a.
4. d.
5. b.
Exercise 2
1. Five identical experimental animals are treated with 1 mg of one of the following toxins. The animal treated with which toxin is most likely to die?
a. ethyl alcohol (LD50 = 10,000 mg/kg).
b. botulinum toxin (LD50 = 0.00001 mg/kg).
c. nicotine (LD50 = 1 mg/kg).
d. ferrous sulfate (LD50 = 1500 mg/kg).
e. picrotoxin (LD50 = 5 mg/kg).
2. Place the following mechanisms of toxin delivery in order from most effective to least effective—1: intravenous; 2: subcutaneous; 3: oral; 4: inhalation; 5: dermal.
a. 1, 5, 2, 4, 3.
b. 4, 1, 2, 3, 5.
c. 1, 4, 2, 3, 5.
d. 4, 2, 1, 5, 3.
e. 1, 4, 3, 2, 5.
3.A toxin with a half -life of 12 h is administered every 12 h. Which of the following is true?
a. The chemical is eliminated from the body before the next dose is administered.
b. The concentration of the chemical in the body will
slowly increase until the toxic concentration is attained.
c. A toxic level will not be reached, regardless of how many doses are administered.
d. Acute exposure to the chemical will produce immediate toxic effects.
e. The elimination rate of the toxin is much shorter than the dosing interval.
4. Urushiol is the toxin found in poison ivy. It must first react and combine with proteins in the skin in order for the immune system to recognize and mount a response against it. Urushiol is an example of which of the following?
a. antigen.
b. auto-antibody.
c. superantigen.
d. hapten.
e. cytokine.
5. Toxic chemicals are most likely to be biotransformed in which of the following organs?
a. central nervous system.
b. heart.
c. lung.
d. pancreas.
e. liver.
6. When chemicals A and B are administered simultaneously, their combined effects are far greater than the sum of their effects when given alone. The chemical interaction between chemicals A and B can be described as which of the following?
a. potentiative.
b. additive.
c. antagonistic.
d. unctionally antagonistic.
e. synergistic.
7. With respect to dose–response relationships, which of the following is true?
a. Graded dose–response relationships are often
referred to as “all or nothing” responses.
b. Quantal dose–response relationships allow for the
analysis of a population’s response to varying dosage.
c. Quantal relationships characterize the response of an individual to varying dosages.
d. A quantal dose–response describes the response of an individual organism to varying doses of a chemical.
e. The dose–response always increases as the dosage is increased.
8. When considering the dose–response relationship or an essential substance:
a. there are rarely negative effects of ingesting too much.
b. the curve is the same or all people.
c. adverse responses increase in severity with increasing or decreasing dosages outside of the homeostatic range.
d. the relationship is linear.
e. deficiency will never cause more harm than over- ingestion.
9. The therapeutic index of a drug:
a. is the amount of a drug needed to cure an illness.
b. is lower in drugs that are relatively safer.
c. describes the potency of a chemical in eliciting a
desired response.
d. describes the ratio of the toxic dose to the therapeutic dose of a drug.
e. explains the change in response to a drug as the dose is increased.
10. Penicillin interferes with the formation of peptidoglycan cross-links in bacterial cell walls, thus weakening the cell wall and eventually causing osmotic death of the bacterium. Which of the following is true?
a. Treatment with penicillin is a good example of selective toxicity.
b. Penicillin interferes with human plasma membrane structure.
c. Penicillin is a good example of a drug with a low
therapeutic index.
d. Penicillin is also effective in treating viral infections.
e. Penicillin is completely harmless to humans
Answers
1. b.
2. c.
3. b.
4. d.
5. e.
6. e.
7. b.
8. c.
9. d.
10. a.
Further Reading
Andrew Patkinson and Brian W. Ogilvie (2013) Biotransformation of Xenobiotics. In: Klaassen, C. D (Ed.) Casarett and Doull’s Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons, 8th ed (pp 185-366), McGraw-Hill New York
Danny, D, Shen (2013) Toxicokinetics. In: Klaassen, C. D (Ed) Casarett and Doull’s Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons, 8th ed (pp 367-390) McGraw-Hill New York.
Deon van der Merwe, Ronette Gehring and Jennifer L. Buur (2017) Toxicokinetics In. Gupta R.C (Ed.) Veterinary Toxicology: Basic and Clinical Principles.3rd ed. Academic Press/Elsevier: Amsterdam (in press)
Gupta P.K (2010): Absorption, Distribution, & Excretion of Xenobiotics. In: Gupta, PK (Ed.) Modern Toxicology: Basis of Organ and Reproduction Toxicity, Vol. 1, 2nd reprint (pp 71-92) PharmaMed Press, Hyderabad, India..
Gupta P.K. (2014) Essential concept in toxicology. BSP India (chapter 7)
Gupta P.K. (2016) Fundamental of Toxicology: Essential concept and applications. Elsevier/BSP USA (Chapter 8)
Gupta P.K. (2016) Fundamental of Toxicology: Essential concept and applications. Elsevier/BSP USA (Chapter 9)
Curtis D. Klaassen, CD; Watkins III, JB (2015) Casarett & Doull’s Essentials of Toxicology. 3rd ed McGraw-Hill, USA pp 1-524.
Krishnamurti, C. R (2010): Biotransformation of Xenobiotics. In: Gupta, PK (Ed.) Modern Toxicology: Basis of Organ and Reproduction Toxicity, Vol. 1, 2nd reprint (pp 95-129). PharmaMed Press, Hyderabad, India.
Lois D Lehman-McKeeman (2013) Absorption distribution and excretion of toxicants. In: Klaassen CD (Ed) Casarett and Doull’s toxicology: The basic science of poisons, 8th ed (pp 153-184) (New York), McGraw-Hill,
Mats Ehrnebo (2010) Kinetic Analysis of . In: Gupta, PK (Ed.) Modern Toxicology: Basis of Organ and Reproduction Toxicity, Vol. 1, 2nd reprint (pp 130-151). PharmaMed Press, Hyderabad, India
Randy L. Rose, Hodgson E (2010) Chemical and Physiological Influences on Xenobiotic Metabolism. In: Hodgson, E.A (Ed) A Textbook of Modern Toxicology 4th edition (pp 163-201), John Wiley, New Jersey.
Randy L. Rose and Ernest Hodgson (2010) Metabolism of Toxicants. In: Hodgson, E.A (Ed) A Textbook of Modern Toxicology 4th ed (pp 111- 148), John Wiley, New Jersey.
Randy L. Rose and Patricia E. Levi (2010) Reactive Metabolites. In: Hodgson, E.A (Ed) A Textbook of Modern Toxicology 4th ed (pp 149-161), John Wiley, New Jersey.
Renwick AG (2008) Toxicokinetic. In: Hays AW (Ed) Principles and methods of toxicology. 5th ed (179-230). Boca Tato Taylor and Francis.
Timbrell JA (2009) Factors affecting toxic responses: disposition. In: Timbrell JA (Ed) Principles of biochemical toxicology. 4th ed. (35-74), Informa, New York:
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