Series 7: Multiple Choice Questions and fill in blanks
Multiple Choice Questions
Exercises
Q. 1. Examples of significant concentrations of a toxicant in a tissue that is not a target organ include all of the following except-----------.
a) lead in bone
b) DDT in adipose tissue
c) paraquat in lung
d) TCDD in adipose tissue
Q. 2. the ability of a chemical to cause acute skin and eye irritation is usually evaluated in a ------
a) rabbit
b) rat
c) mouse
d) dog
Q. 3. before a potential pharmaceutical compound can be given to humans .-------.
a) an NDA must be filed with the FDA
b) an IND must be filled with the FDA
c) acute toxicity studies on 4 species must be conducted
d) a 2-year dog carcinogenicity study must be completed
Q. 4. phase 1 clinical trials are conducted to determine all of the following except ---
a) pharmacokinetics
b) safety
c) rare adverse effects
d) preliminary efficacy
Q. 5. MTD stands for ------------------
a) minimum tolerated dose
b)maximum total dose
c) maximum tolerated dose
d) maximum threshold dose
Q. 6. the acute toxicity study in animals provides ------
a) an appropriate lethal dose
b) information on target organs
c) information on dose selection for long-term studies
d)all of the above
Q. 7. a subacute toxicity study in rats usually lasts ------.
a) 3 days
b)14 days
c) 3 months
d) 6 months
Q. 8. the period of organogenesis in rats is ---.
a) day 3-10
b) day 7-17
c) day 12-25
d) day 17-56
Q. 9. a dose of investigational drug that suppresses body weight gain slightly in a 90-day animal study is defined by some regulatory agencies to be-------.
a) LOAEL
b) NOAEL
c)MTD
d) reference dose
Q. 10. a subchronic animal study required by the FDA will usually include-----
a) two species (usually one rodent and one nonrodents)
b) both genders
c) at least three doses (low, intermediate, and high)
d) all of the above
Q.11 A dose of a compound A is toxic to animals in vivo. Another chemical B is not toxic when given at doses several orders of magnitude higher but when the two are given together the toxic response is greater than that of the given dose of A alone.
a) antagonism
b) synergism
c) additivity
d) potentiation
e) none of the above
Q.12 Which information may be gained from an acute toxicity study
a) no effect level
b) LD50
c) therapeutic index
d) target organ
e) all of the above
Q.13The therapeutic index is usually defined as
a) TD50 / LD50
b) ED50 / LD50
c) LD50 / ED50
d) ED50 / TD50
e) LD50 / ED50
Q.14 1000 ppm is equivalent to 1%
a) True
b) False
Answers
1. c; 2. a; 3. b ; 4.c ; 5.c ; 6.d ; 7.b ; 8.b ; 9.c ; 10. d; 11. d; 12. e; 13. c ; 14. b.
Fill in blanks
Q. 1. The branch of science which deals with the harmful effects of physical and chemical agents of human and animal life is ------------------------------------
Q. 2. In the term toxicology, the word ‘toxicon’ (Greek) means --------------------
Q. 3. The branch of toxicology, which deals with diagnosis, treatment and management of toxic substances, is known as -----------------------------------
Q. 4. The development and interpretation of mandatory toxicology testing programs is addressed by -------------------------------------------
Q. 5 Investigating and controlling the toxic effects of various substances on the community is dealt by ----------------------.
Q. 6. The study of toxicity produced by subsances of plant, animal and microbial origin is termed as -------------
Q. 7. A foreign chemical substance, which is not normally produced in the body or forms a part of the food, is known as --------------------.
Q. 8. The source of adverse effect/ damage is known as ----------------------
Q. 9. The likelyhood/probability of adverse effect upon exposure to a hazard is known as --------------------.
Q. 10. The statement, “all substances are poisons; the dose differentiates poison from a remedy” is associate with -------------------------.
Answers
1.TOXICOLOGY; 2. POISON; 3.CLINICA L TOXICOLOGY; 4. REGULATORY TOX COLOGY; 5 TOXICOVIGILANCE; 6. TOXINOLOGY; 7. XENOIOTIC; 8 HAZARD. (eg: Water containing Fluoride; Here fluoride is the hazard and fluorosis is the adverse effect. Hazard is independent of dose or exposure i.e., it is present whether someone drinks the water or not).
9. RISK. (eg: While drinking water containing fluoride, the chances of getting fluorosis is called risk. Risk can range from 0 to 100% depending on dose and exposure i.e., one should be exposed to a hazard to calculate the risk); 10. PARACELSUS
Exercises
Q. 1 The scientist referred to as ‘Father of Toxicology’ is ------------------------
Q. 2. DDT (Dichlorodiphenytrichloro ethane) which is used to control malaria and typus was discovered by ----------------------------
Q. 3. The person who is known as ‘Father of Nerve Agents’ is ------------------------------
Q. 4. The author of the book ‘Silent Spring’ in which the detrimental effect of DDT and other pesticides on environment –particularly on birds was document is -------------------------.
Q. 5. Bhopal gas tragedy, which is considered to be the world’s worst industrial disaster, was caused due to the leakage of------------------------------------ from Union Carbide fertilizer company.
Q. 6. Use of thalidomide in pregnant women for treating women for treating morning sickness led to -------------------------condition in the infants.
Q. 7. If the action of one substance opposes or neutralizes the effect of another substance, the relationship is referred to as -------------------------..
Q. 8. Rodents are preferred for oral toxicity testing as they lack ------------------ reflex.
Q. 9. Maximum acceptable/ permitted amount of a drug present in feed and foods is known as ----------------------------------------------------------------------.
Q. 10. The highest dose of a compound, which produces adverse effects but no mortality is called -----------------------------------------------------------------------.
Answers
1. M.J.B. Orfila; 2. Pau Muller; 3 GERHARD SCHRADER; 4. RACHEL CARSON;5. METHYL-ISOCYANATE (MIC); 6. PHOCOMELIA; ;7. ANTAGONISM (All antidotes have antagonistic relationship with their respective toxicants) have antagonistic relationship with the irrespective toxicants); 8. VOMITION; 9 MAXIMUM RESIDUE LEVEL (MRL). (For pesticides – MAXIMUM RESIDUE LIMIT); 10 MAXIMUM TOLERATED DOSE {(MTD), MTD is also referred to as LD0 (Zero) as it will cause adverse effects but no mortality)}.
Exercise
Q.1. If the period of exposure of a toxicant is more than 3 months, the type of study is termed as ---------------------.
Q. 2. The type of toxicity which results due to progressive accumulation of a toxicant in the body is known as ------------------------------.
Q. 3. The amount of toxicant in food and water, which can be consumed daily over a life time without any significant health risk, is called as ------------------------------------------.
Q. 4 Unlawful or criminal killing of animals through administration of poisonsis known as -----------------------
Q. 5. Unintentional addition of toxicants and contaminants in feed and water is known as ----------------------.
Q. 6. Man -made sources of toxicants are referred to as ------------------------ sources.
Q. 7. Genetically determined abnormal reactivity of an individual to a chemical is known as----------------------------..
Q. 8. Failure to elicit a response to an ordinary dose of a substance due prior usage is known as --------------------------.
Q. 9. The beneficial effects of toxic substances at low doses are known as-----------------.
Q. 10. In the event of irreparable injury, the cell undergoes a process of programmed cell death known as ----------------------------.
Q. 11 A substance is classified as extremely toxic if the lethal dose (LD) is LESS THAN ------------- and as practically non-toxic if the LD is ------------.
Q. 12. The ability of a substance to induce cancer is known as ------------------.
Answers
1. CHRONIC TOXICITY; 2. CUMULATIVE TOXICITY(Several toxicants such as heavy metals, alcohol, DDT etc cause cumulative toxicity.); 3. ACCEPTABLE DAILY INTAKE (ADI); 4. MALICIOUS POISONING; 5. ACCIDENTAL POISONING; 6. ANTHROPOGENIC; 7. IDIOCYNCARY; 8. TOLERANCE(Tolerance is generally caused due to the induction of metabolizing enzymes in liver. However, in case of chronic alcoholism, pseudo-tolerance is observed, due to thickened GIT mucosa, which reduces absorption);
9. HORMESIS; 10. APOPTOSIS(Apoptosis is also involved in number of physiological process such as embryogenesis, ageing, cancer prevention etc); 11. 1mg/kg, 5 to 15 g/kg(It should be remembered that more the LD of a compound, less is its toxicity); 12. CARCINOGENESIS
FURTHER READING
Gupta PK (2018) Illustrative Toxicology with Question bank. 1st Edition. Elsevier, USA
Gupta PK (2016) Fundamentals of Toxicology: Essential concepts and applications. 1st Edition. ISBN-9780128054260, pp 438, BSP/Elsevier, USA
The Merck Veterinary Manual (2016). Chapter “Herbicide Poisoning” by PK GUPTA 11th edition, Merck & Co. Inc Whitehouse Station, NJ, USA 2969-99
The Merck Veterinary Manual (2016). Chapter “Pentachlorophenol Poisoning” by PK GUPTA 11th edition, Merck & Co. Inc Whitehouse Station, NJ, USA pp 3052-53
Gupta PK (2016) Essential Concepts in Toxicology. Published by PharmaMed Press (A unit of BSP Books Pvt. Ltd), Hyderabad, India pp 362.
Gupta PK (2010) Modern Toxicology, Basis of organ and reproduction toxicity. Vol 1. Published by Pharma Med Press (A unit of BSP Books Pvt. Ltd). Hyderabad, India pp 1-460.
Gupta PK (2010) Modern Toxicology, Adverse effects of xenobiotics. Vol 2, Published by PharmaMed Press (A unit of BSP Books Pvt. Ltd). Hyderabad, India pp 1-460.
Gupta PK (2010) Modern Toxicology, Immuno and clinicsal toxicology Vol 3. Published by PharmaMed Press (A unit of BSP Books Pvt. Ltd). Hyderabad, India pp 1-340.
To be cont'd
Slot Machines & Machines at Golden Casino
ReplyDeleteTry 메리트카지노 over 700 of the best online slots at Golden Casino. Slots games include Jackpot leovegas Party, Golden Reels, Keno, and クイーンカジノ many more.